A History: Eyeliner.

Around 10,000 BC Egyptians wore various cosmetics to protect the skin from the scorching desert sun; Research has also speculated that the Egyptians wore eye liner to protect the wearer from the evil eye.

Ancient Egyptians used Kohl eye liners which were made from a mixture of materials including lead, copper, ore and antimony which is a toxic metallic element, The materials were ground into a paste and applied with rounded sticks of wood, bronze or glass which had been created and molded for the purpose, Kohl pots where very common and were used to crush and serve as cosmetic containers for the eye make-up, The vast use of Kohl is documented by the sheer number of pots found among burial belongings from the Old Kingdom to the end of the New Kingdom.

Eye liner started to gain popularity in the early 1900's using the same formula that was made in the Egyptian times using kohl and animal fats. The Popularity of the commercially made eyeliner began when the members of the Russian ballet performed in London in 1909, dancing upon the stage with defined and dramatized eye make-up. This was also the time that the demand for mascara and eye shadows where increased in popularity as well.

Helena Rubenstein and Elizabeth Arden two big heavy weights in the cosmetic industry in the early 1900's where inspired by the Russian ballerinas and started to create eye make-up to bring to the public what they saw on the London stage.

Helena Rubenstein is also credited with having invented a new special kind of Kohl or eyeliner to make then movie star Theda Bara's eye look and appear more dramatic on the big silver screen.

During the World Wars women kept their faces clean and simple, very little eyeliner was worn around the eyes, but the shortage and unavailable items such as silk stockings lead to an interesting use of eyeliner where the women for the war times would apply eyeliner along the back of their legs to give the impression that they were wearing stockings.

The 1960's brought on the invention of the liquid eyeliner and it was used to replicate the thick black lines that was on the fashion run ways.

Today we are spoilt for choice when it comes to eyeliners, we can choose an eyeliner in just about any colour from the traditional black, to bright primary colours, browns and grays and even ones that are glitter based, it also comes in pencil form with is similar to a coloured pencil and is sharpened to apply the product, gel and cream form are much softer than a pencil or kohl eyeliner and is applied with a brush and liquid is an opaque liquid that comes in a small tube or bottle and is applied with a brush or felt applicator that comes with the bottle. It is used to create sharp, bold, precise lines and is usually only applied to the top lash line.  Eyeliner is commonly used in a daily make up routine to define the eyes making them appear either bigger or smaller it also draws attention to the eyes or if applied in certain ways can change the eye's shape. It is applied upon the water liner, tightline, underneath the lower eye lashes and upon the top lash line.

How Was It Invented: Foundation.

How was it invented: Foundation.

Who: Max Factor
　

When:1914 - 1937

Where: The United States

Why: Max Factor invented the pan cake make up in 1914, it was originally made and developed for film stars, the actresses were so amazed by the effects of the pan cake foundation that Max Factor was in demand for the product to be produced for their personal use.

Foundation was only available for use within the film industry but the use of this cosmetic in the general public was some what disreputable and no one had thought to try and market foundations as an everyday item.

In 1937 and in spite of economic trouble to the era, Max Factor had the product patented and so Pan Cake foundation which was the first foundation and powder in one became one of the most successful cosmetic launches and releases of all time. It was called Pan-cake makeup because of its small, flat and pan like container and from the form in how it was made.

Pan-cake was made out of Talc rather than the normal oil or wax and it was applied with a wet sponge, it was considered to be more lightweight and natural looking on the skin.

In 1940 it was estimated to be that one in three North American women wore Pan Cake. As of February 2009 the current owners Proter and Gamble announced and confirmed the original formula Max Factor developed and used himself is still sold today.
　
Interesting facts: In 200 B.Ancient Greek women would use white lead powder and chalk to lighten their skin. It was considered fashionable for Greek women to have a pale complexion.

Wealthy Romans favoured white lead paste that can lead to disfigurement and death.

Men also wore makeup to lighten their skin tones, they would use lead powder, chalk and creams, the creams where made out of animal fat, starch and tin oxide.

In the middle ages in Europe one of the popular powders was called Aqua Tofana it was an arsenic face powder they would go to the woman who invented it where she would then tell them to apply it to their cheeks, the women unknowingly used the product of their cheeks and died because the powder was poisonous.

During the Italian Renaissance women wore water soluble lead paint on their faces.

During the 17th century and the Elizabethan era women would wear ceruse it was a lethal mixture of vinegar and white lead, they also applied egg whites to their faces to create a shiny complexion.

Many, many men and women died from wearing lead based makeup.